online

Webpage

Author, A. A. (year). Title of document [Format]. Retrieved from http://xxxxx

This is the model for any online resources you might use. Make sure you include the four pieces of information: author, date, title (with a description of the format in brackets), and the source (the URL).

Provide the specific date for content that is published frequently such as blog posts.

Include the name of the website if it is not clear from the URL. For example: Retrieved from Site Name website: http://xxxxx

Provide a retrieval date for content that might change.

Use a permalink for web resources when possible.

When citing an entire website or webpage, but not a specific document or text, it is sufficient to refer to the name of the website and provide the URL in the text of your paper. No reference list entry is required. For example:

President Obama often used Twitter (http://www.twitter.co/barackobama) and Facebook (http://www.facebook.com/barackobama) to keep citizens up to speed on his initiatives.

More Examples

Author, A. A. (year). Title of document [Format]. Retrieved from http://xxxxx

Nova Southeastern University. (2015). Libraries at Nova Southeastern University [Webpage]. Retrieved from http://www.nova.edu/community/libraries.html

Personal Communication

(A. Author, personal communication, Month day, year)

Notes

You may need to cite nonretrievable sources in your paper. Private letters, memos, e-mail, personal interviews, and conversations are not findable by your reader. Information gained from such sources as a Facebook profile that is limited to friends only would also fall into this category. Cite these as personal communication in the text of your paper only, not in the reference list.

More Examples

(A. Author, personal communication, Month day, year)

The book is ready (S. Ramdial, personal communication, July 20, 2011).

The first Moog electronic composition by R. Wienhorst (personal communication, March 8, 1969) was performed at the VU Chapel.

Work of Art

Artist, A. A. (copyright year). Title of work. [Medium: Painting, drawing, sculpture, photograph, etc.]. Retrieved from http://xxxxx

More Examples

Artist, A. A. (copyright year). Title of work. [Medium: Painting, drawing, sculpture, photograph, etc.]. Retrieved from http://xxxxx

Podcast – Audio

Producer, A. (Producer). (year, month day). Title of podcast [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://xxxxx

More Examples

Producer, A. (Producer). (year, month day). Title of podcast [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://xxxxx

Koenig, S., & Snyder, J. (Producers). (2014, October 30). Serial [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://serialpodcast.org

Podcast – Video

Author, A. (year, month day). Title of podcast [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://xxxxx

More Examples

Author, A. (year, month day). Title of podcast [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://xxxxx

Lewis, M. (2008, October 6). Geography of United States elections [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com

Television – Single Episode

Writer, A. A. (Writer), & Director, B. B. (Director). (year). Title of episode [Television series episode]. In C. C. Producer (Executive producer), Television series name. Retrieved from http://xxxxx

More Examples

Writer, A. A. (Writer), & Director, B. B. (Director). (year). Title of episode [Television series episode]. In C. C. Producer (Executive producer), Television series name. Retrieved from http://xxxxx

Willimon, B. (Writer), & Coulter, A. (Director). (2013). Chapter 13 [Television series episode]. In Willimon, B. (Executive producer), House of cards. Retrieved from http://www.netflix.com

Television – Entire Series

Producer, A. A. (Producer), & Creator, B. B. (Creator). (years aired). Title of television series [Television series]. Retrieved from http://xxxxx

More Examples

Producer, A. A. (Producer), & Creator, B. B. (Creator). (years aired). Title of television series [Television series]. Retrieved from http://xxxxx

Schwartz, J., Savage, S., Levy, B., Morgenstein, L., Stephens, J., Safran, J., Goodman, S. (Producers), & Schwartz, J., & Savage, S. (Creators). (2007-2012). Gossip girl [Television series]. Available from http://www.netflix.com

Motion Picture

Producer, A. A. (Producer), & Director, B. (Director). (year). Motion picture title [Medium: DVD, video file, etc.]. Retrieved from http://xxxxx

Notes

Provide the URL from which you acquired the content. If the content requires log in or is behind a paywall, use the URL of the home page.

More Examples

Producer, A. A. (Producer), & Director, B. (Director). (year). Motion picture title [Medium: DVD, video file, etc.]. Retrieved from http://xxxxx

Brooks, M. (Producer & Director). (1981). History of the world: Part 1. [DVD]. Available from http://www.amazon.com

Brochure

Author, A. (year). Title of brochure [Brochure]. Retrieved from http://xxxxx

More Examples

Author, A. (year). Title of brochure [Brochure]. Retrieved from http://xxxxx

U.S. Agency for International Development. (2013, May). A year in Iraq [Brochure]. Retrieved from http://www.usaid.gov/iraq/pdf/AYearInIraq.pdf

Fact Sheet

Author, A. (year). Title [Fact sheet]. Retrieved from http://xxxxx

More Examples

Author, A. (year). Title [Fact sheet]. Retrieved from http://xxxxx

RAND Corporation. (2006). Three steps for improving the quality of mental health care in the United States [Fact sheet]. Retrieved from http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/2006/RAND_RB9190.pdf